A Canonical Intertextuality Study of Wisdom in Daniel and Proverbs: The Study Case of Daniel’s Refusal of the King’s Food

Abstract

The reason Daniel refused the king’s food has puzzled many scholars. Some commonly suggested reasons for his refusal include adherence to food laws, concerns about idolatry, and political issues. However, there are also objections to these explanations. This thesis aims to clarify the reasoning behind Daniel's actions by examining his wisdom, as the book of Daniel portrays him as a wise man and emphasizes the significance of wisdom throughout. To explore Daniel's wisdom and his resistance, this thesis will employ rhetorical criticism. His actions, marked by wisdom and defiance, are evident throughout the book of Daniel. While his wisdom underscores his character as a wise man, his resistance demonstrates his tactful refusal of the king's food. Daniel made a prudent decision when he chose not to defile himself by eating the king’s provisions. This thesis also provides evidence of the importance of wisdom in Daniel’s life. He thought, spoke, and acted wisely, thereby showcasing his character as a wise individual. Due to the significance of wisdom, this thesis will examine the canonical intertextuality between the Book of Daniel and the Book of Proverbs. This study of intertextuality aims to enhance the interpretation of these texts and ultimately address the reason behind Daniel’s refusal. Daniel’s refusal can be linked to the advice found in Proverbs 23:1-3, which emphasizes caution when dining with a ruler—someone in a position of authority. These verses counsel carefulness in sharing a meal with a ruler due to potential hidden motives. The king utilized reciprocity as a basis for social and political relationships. Thus, this thesis posits that Daniel's refusal of the king's food was connected to the political implications behind it. The food provided by the ruler was deceptive, as the king harbored ulterior motives. Recognizing the political intentions of the Babylonian king, Daniel was aware of the situation and chose to refuse the king's food deliberately.